Introduction to command line

For readers at home: this chapter is covered in the Your new friend: Command Line video.

It's exciting, right?! You'll write your first line of code in just a few minutes! :)

Let us introduce you to your first new friend: the command line!

The following steps will show you how to use the black window all hackers use. It might look a bit scary at first but really it's just a prompt waiting for commands from you.

Note Please note that throughout this book we use the terms 'directory' and 'folder' interchangeably but they are one and the same thing.

What is the command line?

The window, which is usually called the command line or command-line interface , is a text-based application for viewing, handling, and manipulating files on your computer. It's much like Windows Explorer or Finder on the Mac, but without the graphical interface. Other names for the command line are: cmd , CLI , prompt , console or terminal .

Open the command-line interface

To start some experiments we need to open our command-line interface first.

Opening: macOS

Go to Launchpad → Other → Terminal.

Opening: Linux

It's probably under Applications → Accessories → Terminal, or Applications → System → Terminal, but that may depend on your system. If it's not there, you can try to Google it. :)

Opening: Windows

Depending on your version of Windows and your keyboard, one of the following should open a command window (you may have to experiment a bit, but you don't have to try all of these suggestions):

Go to the Start menu or screen, and enter "Command Prompt" in the search field.
Go to Start menu → Windows System → Command Prompt.
Go to Start menu → All Programs → Accessories → Command Prompt.
Go to the Start screen, hover your mouse in the lower-left corner of the screen, and click the down arrow that appears (on a touch screen, instead flick up from the bottom of the screen). The Apps page should open. Click on Command Prompt in the Windows System section.
Hold the special Windows key on your keyboard and press the "X" key. Choose "Command Prompt" from the pop-up menu.
Hold the Windows key and press the "R" key to get a "Run" window. Type "cmd" in the box, and click the OK key.

Type "cmd" in the "Run" window

Later in this tutorial, you will need to have two command windows open at the same time. However, on some versions of Windows, if you already have one command window open and you try to open a second one using the same method, it will instead point you to the command window you already have open. Try it now on your computer and see what happens! If you only get one command window, try one of the other methods in the list above. At least one of them should result in a new command window being opened.

You now should see a white or black window that is waiting for your commands.

The command-line Prompt

Prompt: macOS and Linux

If you're on Mac or Linux, you probably see a $ , like this:

command-line

Prompt: Windows

On Windows, you probably see a > , like this:

command-line

Take a look at the Linux section just above now -- you'll see something more like that when you get to PythonAnywhere later in the tutorial.

Each command will be prepended by a $ or > and one space, but you should not type it. Your computer will do it for you. :)

Just a small note: in your case there may be something like C:\Users\ola> or Olas-MacBook-Air:~ ola$ before the prompt sign, and this is 100% OK.

The part up to and including the $ or the > is called the command line prompt , or prompt for short. It prompts you to input something there.

In the tutorial, when we want you to type in a command, we will include the $ or > , and occasionally more to the left. Ignore the left part and only type in the command, which starts after the prompt.

Your first command (YAY!)

Let's start by typing this command:

Your first command: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ whoami

Your first command: Windows

command-line

> whoami

And then hit enter . This is our result:

command-line

$ whoami
        olasitarska

As you can see, the computer has just printed your username. Neat, huh? :)

Try to type each command; do not copy-paste. You'll remember more this way!

Basics

Each operating system has a slightly different set of commands for the command line, so make sure to follow instructions for your operating system.

If you make a typo, you can use the left and right arrow keys to move your cursor, backspace and delete to edit the command. Most command lines don't support using the mouse to move the cursor.

Let's try this, shall we?

Current directory

It'd be nice to know where are we now, right? Let's see. Type this command and hit enter :

Current directory: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ pwd
        /Users/olasitarska

Note: 'pwd' stands for 'print working directory'.

Current directory: Windows

command-line

> cd
        C:\Users\olasitarska

Note: 'cd' stands for 'change directory'. With PowerShell you can use pwd just like on Linux or macOS.

You'll probably see something similar on your machine. Once you open the command line you usually start at your user's home directory.

Learn more about a command

Many commands you can type at the command prompt have built-in help that you can display and read! For example, to learn more about the current directory command:

Command help: macOS and Linux

macOS and Linux have a man command, which gives you help on commands. Try man pwd and see what it says, or put man before other commands to see their help. The output of man is normally paged. Use the space bar to move to the next page, and q to quit looking at the help.

Command Help: Windows

Adding a /? suffix to most commands will print the help page. You may need to scroll your command window up to see it all. Try cd /? .

List files and directories

So what's in it? It'd be cool to find out. Let's see:

List files and directories: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ ls
        Applications
        Desktop
        Downloads
        Music
        ...

List files and directories: Windows

command-line

> dir
         Directory of C:\Users\olasitarska
        05/08/2020 07:28 PM <DIR>      Applications
        05/08/2020 07:28 PM <DIR>      Desktop
        05/08/2020 07:28 PM <DIR>      Downloads
        05/08/2020 07:28 PM <DIR>      Music
        ...

Note: In PowerShell you can also use 'ls' like on Linux and macOS.

Change current directory

Now, let's go to our Desktop directory:

Change current directory: macOS

command-line

$ cd Desktop

Change current directory: Linux

command-line

$ cd Desktop

Note that the directory name "Desktop" might be translated to the language of your Linux account. If that's the case, you'll need to replace Desktop with the translated name; for example, Schreibtisch for German.

Change current directory: Windows

command-line

> cd Desktop

Check if it's really changed:

Check if changed: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ pwd
        /Users/olasitarska/Desktop

Check if changed: Windows

command-line

> cd
        C:\Users\olasitarska\Desktop

Here it is!

PRO tip: if you type cd D and then hit tab on your keyboard, the command line will automatically fill in the rest of the name so you can navigate faster. If there is more than one folder starting with "D", hit the tab key twice to get a list of options.

Create directory

How about creating a practice directory on your desktop? You can do it this way:

Create directory: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ mkdir practice

Create directory: Windows

command-line

> mkdir practice

This little command will create a folder with the name practice on your desktop. You can check if it's there by looking on your Desktop or by running a ls or dir command! Try it. :)

PRO tip: If you don't want to type the same commands over and over, try pressing the up arrow and down arrow on your keyboard to cycle through recently used commands.

Exercise!

A small challenge for you: in your newly created practice directory, create a directory called test . (Use the cd and mkdir commands.)

Solution:

Exercise solution: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ cd practice
        $ mkdir test
        $ ls
        test

Exercise solution: Windows

command-line

> cd practice
        > mkdir test
        > dir
        05/08/2020 07:28 PM <DIR>      test

Congrats! :)

Clean up

We don't want to leave a mess, so let's remove everything we did until that point.

First, we need to get back to Desktop:

Clean up: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ cd ..

Clean up: Windows

command-line

> cd ..

Using .. with the cd command will change your current directory to the parent directory (that is, the directory that contains your current directory).

Check where you are:

Check location: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ pwd
        /Users/olasitarska/Desktop

Check location: Windows

command-line

> cd
        C:\Users\olasitarska\Desktop

Now time to delete the practice directory:

Attention : Deleting files using del , rmdir or rm is irrecoverable, meaning the deleted files will be gone forever ! So be very careful with this command.

Delete directory: Windows Powershell, macOS and Linux

command-line

$ rm -r practice

Delete directory: Windows Command Prompt

command-line

> rmdir /S practice
        practice, Are you sure <Y/N>? Y

Done! To be sure it's actually deleted, let's check it:

Check deletion: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ ls

Check deletion: Windows

command-line

> dir

Exit

That's it for now! You can safely close the command line now. Let's do it the hacker way, alright? :)

Exit: macOS and Linux

command-line

$ exit

Exit: Windows

command-line

> exit

Cool, huh? :)

Summary

Here is a summary of some useful commands:

Command (Windows)	Command (Mac OS / Linux)	Description	Example
exit	exit	close the window	exit
cd	cd	change directory	cd test
cd	pwd	show the current directory	cd (Windows) or pwd (Mac OS / Linux)
dir	ls	list directories/files	dir
copy	cp	copy file	copy c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt
move	mv	move file	move c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt
mkdir	mkdir	create a new directory	mkdir testdirectory
rmdir (or del)	rm	delete a file	del c:\test\test.txt
rmdir /S	rm -r	delete a directory	rm -r testdirectory
[CMD] /?	man [CMD]	get help for a command	cd /? (Windows) or man cd (Mac OS / Linux)

These are just a very few of the commands you can run in your command line, but you're not going to use anything more than that today.

If you're curious, ss64.com contains a complete reference of commands for all operating systems.

Ready?

Let's dive into Python!

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